Cocoa extract has activity on selectively killing of breast cancer cells line
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11594/jtls.05.03.04Abstract
Effect of the cocoa crude extract on mortality of breast cancer cell lines i.e. MCF-7, T47D and normal cell (Vero), was observed. Crude cocoa extract prepared from a freshly dried cocoa bean that was containing 14% catechin and 0.6% caffeine. Catechin and caffeine content were modulated to 2-folds (28% catechin or 1.2% caffeine) and 3-folds (42% catechin or 1.8% caffeine) by adding pure compounds. Extracts were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at concentrations ranging from 200 to 1600 μg/ml. The positive control was doxorubicin (0.5-16 μg/ml in DMSO). Cell lines (MCF-7, T47D, and Vero) were incubated in test sample for 24h at 37°, prior to 3-(4,4-dimetylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The absorbance of each well was measured at 550 nm, and lethal concentration (LC50) was calculated. The cocoa extract induced mortality of breast cancer cell lines but not in Vero cells. The effect on MCF-7 was greater than on T47D, given the LC50 was 1236 μg/ml (MCF-7) and 1893 μg/ml (T47D). Cytotoxic potential of cocoa extract was much lower than doxorubicin whose LC50 was0,777 μg/ml (MCF-7) and 0,082 μg/ml (T47D). Increasing catechin content to 2-folds did not significantly affect LC50 value, but 3-folds catechin content reduced LC50 to 1021 μg/ml. Meanwhile increasing caffeine content to 2-folds significantly reduced LC50 to 750 μg/ml, however, 3-fold content resulted in slightly higher LC50 at 780 μg/ml. This indicates that cocoa extract have anti-cancer potential, and purification may improve this property .
References
IARC. Latest world cancer statistics, global cancer burden rises to 14.1 million new cases in 2012, marked increase in breast cancers must be addressed. Press Release 2013;
Danaei G, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, and Ezzati M. Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors. The Lancet 2005; 366 (9499): 1784
Siegel R, et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012. CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2012; 62 (4): 220
Molassiotis A, et al. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in cancer patients: a European survey. Annals of Oncology 2005; 16 (4): 655
Olaku O and White JD. Herbal therapy use by cancer patients: a literature review on case reports. European Journal of Cancer 2011; 47 (4): 508
Boon HS, Olatunde F, and Zick SM. Trends in complementary/alternative medicine use by breast cancer survivors: comparing survey data from 1998 and 2005. BMC Women's Health 2007; 7 (1): 4
Wink M, Ashour ML, and El-Readi MZ. Secondary metabolites from plants inhibiting ABC transporters and reversing resistance of cancer cells and microbes to cytotoxic and antimicrobial agents. Front. Microbiol. 2012; 3 (130): 1
Anesini C, Ferraro GE, and Filip R. Total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of commercially available tea (Camellia sinensis) in Argentina. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008; 56 (19): 9225
EC. Laying down community methods for analysis for coffee extracts and chicory extracts. Official Journal of European Communities 1979; 327 18
Lykkesfeldt A, Yde C, Thrane S, Larsen S, Pedersen A, Thomsen M, and Kirkegaard T. Abstract P5-09-02: Cell culture models to study mechanisms for endocrine resistant breast cancer, new treatment options and new biomarkers. Cancer Research 2013; 73 (24 Supplement): P5
Brandie NR, Margarita MI, Huy XM, Joshua KS, Bradford GH, and Carolyn MK. Bioenergetic differences between MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells and their regulation by oestradiol and tamoxifen. Biochemical Journal 2015; 465 (1): 49
Abdullah A-SH, Mohammed AS, Abdullah R, Mirghani ME, and Al-Qubaisi M. Cytotoxic effects of Mangifera indica L. kernel extract on human breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines) and bioactive constituents in the crude extract. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2014; 14 (1): 199
Wan YH, Swee KY, Chai LH, Abdul RR, Abdul AS, and Noorjahan BA. Elephantopus scaber induces cytotoxicity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells via p53-induced apoptosis. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2011; 5 (24): 5741
Armania N, Yazan LS, Ismail IS, Foo JB, Tor YS, Ishak N, Ismail N, and Ismail M. Dillenia suffruticosa extract inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) via induction of G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Molecules 2013; 18 (11): 13320
Akter R, Uddin SJ, Grice ID, and Tiralongo E. Cytotoxic activity screening of Bangladeshi medicinal plant extracts. Journal of natural medicines 2014; 68 (1): 246
Pritchard JE, Dillon PM, Conaway MR, Silva CM, and Parsons SJ. A mechanistic study of the effect of doxorubicin/adriamycin on the estrogen response in a breast cancer model. Oncology 2012; 83 (6): 305
Yang F, Teves SS, Kemp CJ, and Henikoff S. Doxorubicin, DNA torsion, and chromatin dynamics. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes 2014; 1845 (1): 84
Swift LP, Rephaeli A, Nudelman A, Phillips DR, and Cutts SM. Doxorubicin-DNA adducts induce a non-topoisomerase II–mediated form of cell death. Cancer Research 2006; 66 (9): 4863
Yang F, Kemp CJ, and Henikoff S. Doxorubicin enhances nucleosome turnover around promoters. Current Biology 2013; 23 (9): 782
Papademetrio DL, Trabucchi A, Cavaliere V, Ricco R, Costantino S, Wagner ML, and Ãlvarez E. The catechin flavonoid reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis of murine lymphoma cells LB02 through modulation of antiapoptotic proteins. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2013; 23 (3): 455
RodrÃguez ML, Estrela JM, and Ortega Ã. Natural Polyphenols and Apoptosis Induction in Cancer Therapy. Journal of Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis 2013; 6 (4): 1
Gu J-W, Makey KL, Tucker KB, Chinchar E, Mao X, Pei I, Thomas EY, and Miele L. EGCG, a major green tea catechin suppresses breast tumor angiogenesis and growth via inhibiting the activation of HIF-1α and NFκB, and VEGF expression. Vascular Cell 2013; 5 (1): 9
Rathore K, Choudhary S, and Wang H-CR. Green tea catechin intervention of reactive oxygen species-mediated ERK pathway activation and chronically induced breast cell carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33 (1): 174
Schlachterman A, Valle F, Wall KM, Azios NG, Castillo L, Morell L, Washington AV, Cubano LA, and Dharmawardhane SF. Combined resveratrol, quercetin, and catechin treatment reduces breast tumor growth in a nude mouse model. Translational Oncology 2008; 1 (1): 19
Sarkaria JN, Busby EC, Tibbetts RS, Roos P, Taya Y, Karnitz LM, and Abraham RT. Inhibition of ATM and ATR kinase activities by the radiosensitizing agent, caffeine. Cancer Research 1999; 59 (17): 4375
DeFrank JS, Tang W, and Powell SN. p53-null cells are more sensitive to ultraviolet light only in the presence of caffeine. Cancer Research 1996; 56 (23): 5365
Bode AM and Dong Z. The enigmatic effects of caffeine in cell cycle and cancer. Cancer Letters 2007; 247 (1): 26
Kawabe T. G2 checkpoint abrogators as anticancer drugs. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 2004; 3 (4): 513
Lu Y-P, Lou Y-R, Li XH, Xie JG, Brash D, Huang M-T, and Conney AH. Stimulatory effect of oral administration of green tea or caffeine on ultraviolet light-induced increases in epidermal wild-type p53, p21 (WAF1/CIP1), and apoptotic sunburn cells in SKH-1 mice. Cancer Research 2000; 60 (17): 4785
Lu Y-P, Lou Y-R, Peng Q-Y, Xie J-G, and Conney AH. Stimulatory effect of topical application of caffeine on UVB-induced apoptosis in the epidermis of p53 and Bax knockout mice. Cancer Research 2004; 64 (14): 5020
Saiki S, et al. Caffeine induces apoptosis by enhancement of autophagy via PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K inhibition. Autophagy 2011; 7 (2): 176
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The work has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or part of a published lecture or thesis) and it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. When the manuscript is accepted for publication in this journal, the authors agree to automatic transfer of the copyright to the publisher.
Journal of Tropical Life Science is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License